Masaoka Shiki ( October 14, 1867 – September 19, 1902) pen-name of Masaoka Noboru was a Japanese poet, author, and literary critic in Meiji period Japan. Shiki is regarded as a major figure in the development of modern haiku poetry, credited with writing nearly 20,000 stanzas during his short life. He also wrote on reform of tanka poetry.
Some consider Masaoka to be one of the four great haiku masters, the others being Matsuo Bashō, Yosa Buson, and Kobayashi Issa.

While Shiki is best known as a haiku poet, he wrote other genres of poetry, prose criticism of poetry, autobiographical prose, and was a short prose essayist. (His earliest surviving work is a school essay, Yōken Setsu (“On Western Dogs”), where he praises the varied utility of western dogs as opposed to Japanese ones, which “only help in hunting and scare away burglars.”)

Contemporary to Shiki was the idea that traditional Japanese poetic short forms, such as the haiku and tanka, were waning due to their incongruity in the modern Meiji period. Shiki, at times, expressed similar sentiments. There were no great living practitioners although these forms of poetry retained some popularity.

Despite an atmosphere of decline, only a year or so after his 1883 arrival in Tokyo, Shiki began writing haiku. In 1892, the same year he dropped out of university, Shiki published a serialized work advocating haiku reform, Dassai Shooku Haiwa or “Talks on Haiku from the Otter’s Den”. A month after completion of this work, in November 1892, he was offered a position as haiku editor in the paper that had published it, Nippon, and maintained a close relationship with this journal throughout his life. In 1895 another serial was published in the same paper, “A Text on Haikai for Beginners”, Haikai Taiyō.These were followed by other serials: Meiji Nijūkunen no Haikukai or “The Haiku World of 1896” where he praised works by disciples Takahama Kyoshi and Kawahigashi Hekigotō, Haijin Buson or “The Haiku Poet Buson” (1896–1897) expressing Shiki’s idea of this 18th-century poet whom he identifies with his school of haiku, and Utayomi ni Atauru Sho or “Letters to a Tanka Poet” (1898) where he urged reform of the tanka poetry form.

Shiki may be credited with salvaging traditional short-form Japanese poetry and carving out a niche for it in the modern Meiji period. While he advocated reform of haiku, this reform was based on the idea that haiku was a legitimate literary genre. He argued that haiku should be judged by the same yardstick that is used when measuring the value of other forms of literature — something that was contrary to views held by prior poets. Shiki firmly placed haiku in the category of literature, and this was unique.

Some modern haiku deviate from the traditional 5–7–5 sound pattern and dispensing with the kigo (“season word”); Shiki’s haiku reform advocated neither break with tradition.

His particular style rejected “the puns or fantasies often relied on by the old school” in favor of “realistic observation of nature”. Shiki, like other Meiji period writers, borrowed a dedication to realism from Western literature. This is evident in his approach to both haiku and tanka.